ʻO ka hana paipu plastik PVC, UPVC, CPVC, PP, PE, PB, PVDF a me nā ʻokoʻa # laina extrusion paipu # mīkini extrusion

PVC
PVCLoaʻa maʻamau ka (PolyVinylChloride) i ʻehiku mau papa (SG1-SG7) e like me kona paʻakikī a me nā waiwai, me ka nui o kahi 1.4 g/cm³. Ma lalo o SG4, he huahana palupalu ia, e pono ai ka nui o ka plasticizer i ka wā e hana ai, a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻili hana, ka insulation uea a me ke kaula, nā sila, a pēlā aku. Ma luna o SG5, he huahana paʻakikī ia, i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā paipu like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻokahe wai, nā paipu uila, nā paipu leka uila a me nā mea hoʻopili, nā papa like ʻole, nā pepa a me nā ʻaoʻao, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka nui o ka emi ʻana o ka PVC i ka hana ʻana he 0.6-1.5%, a he mau waiwai mechanical maikaʻi kona. Loaʻa i ka PVC ka nui o ka emi ʻana o 0.6-1.5%, nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi, nā waiwai uila maikaʻi loa, ka hoʻopau ponoʻī ʻana, ke kūpaʻa ikaika o ka waikawa a me ka alkali, ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi a me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. Eia naʻe, ua pale ʻia kona hoʻomohala ʻana e kona mahana hoʻohana haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 80°C ma ke kiʻekiʻe loa.

CPVC
Hana ʻia ka resin e ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka chlorination o ka resin polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a he ʻano hou ia o ka plastic engineering. He keʻokeʻo a melemele māmā paha ka huahana, ʻaʻohe ʻala, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole ka pauka wehe. Ma hope o ka chlorination o ka resin PVC, piʻi ka irregularity o nā pilina molekala a piʻi ka polarity, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka solubility o ka resin a me ke kūpaʻa kemika, a pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa wela o ka mea a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka corrosion o nā waikawa, alkalis, paʻakai a me nā oxidants. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai mechanical o ka mahana deformation thermal o nā waiwai, hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka chlorine mai 56.7% a i 63-69%, hoʻonui ʻia ka mahana palupalu o Vicat mai 72-82 °C, (a i 90-125 °C), hiki i ka mahana hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe loa ke hiki i 110 °C a ʻo ka mahana hoʻohana lōʻihi he 95 °C. I waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hōʻailona hana CORZAN CPVC. No laila, ʻo CPVC kahi ʻano hou o nā plastics engineering me nā manaʻolana noi ākea.

UPVC
Hana ʻia ka paipu UPVC me ka resin PVC, nona nā ʻano maikaʻi loa e like me ka ʻike pololei ʻana i ka mahana, ka hoʻoheheʻe mau ʻana a me ka omo wikiwiki ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui pono i ka wā e hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia ai ka ikaika umekaumaha ma waena o nā kaulahao molekala resin, a i ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa wela calcium a me zinc kaulana o ka honua, hiki ke hopu, kāohi a omo i ka neutralization o ka hydrogen chloride i ke kaʻina hana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka resin, a hoʻokō i ka hopena hoʻohui pālua me ka ʻano polyene e pani i nā ʻātoma chlorine hana a paʻa ʻole i loko o ka mole. ʻO ka hopena hoʻohui pālua me ka ʻano polyene e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻātoma chlorine hana a paʻa ʻole i loko o ka mole. Hoʻomalu maikaʻi kēia a ʻepekema i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa catalytic a me ka decomposition oxidative o ka resin i ke kūlana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

PP
PPHe mea semi-crystalline ka paipu. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma mua o ka PE. ʻOiai he palupalu loa ka homopolymer PP ma luna o 0°C, he nui nā mea PP kalepa he mau copolymers irregular me 1-4% ethylene a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​helu kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike ethylene i loko o nā copolymers pincushion. Hoʻonui ka ikaika o PP me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike ethylene a he mahana palupalu Vicat o 150°C. Ma muli o kona crystallinity kiʻekiʻe, he maikaʻi ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ke kahakaha ʻana o ka mea, a ʻaʻole ʻeha ʻo PP i ka haki ʻana o ke kaiapuni. Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ʻo PP ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā fibers aniani, nā mea hoʻohui metala a i ʻole ka thermoplastic rubber. ʻO ka helu kahe MFR o PP mai 1 a 40. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana o nā mea PP MFR haʻahaʻa akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ductility. No ka MFR like, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke ʻano copolymer ma mua o ke ʻano homopolymer. Ma muli o ka crystallisation, kiʻekiʻe loa ka shrinkage o PP, maʻamau 1.8 a 2.5%. A ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano like o ka shrinkage ma mua o nā mea e like me PE-HD. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi mea hoʻohui aniani 30% hiki ke hōʻemi i ka emi ʻana i 0.7%. ʻO nā ʻano homopolymer a me copolymer o ka mea PP he kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka omo ʻana o ka makū, ka pala waikawa a me ka alkali, a me ka solubility. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e kū i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon aromatic (e like me benzene), nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon chlorinated (carbon tetrachloride), a pēlā aku. ʻAʻole hoʻi e kūpaʻa ka PP i ka oxidation i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka PE.
He polymer crystalline ʻo PP me ka nui o ka emi ʻana o ka nui (1.0-1.5%) ma muli o nā loli nui o ka nui a me ke kuhikuhi molekala kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka heheʻe. No laila, i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ke kaomi injection a me ka wikiwiki o ka shear i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka huahana.

PE
ʻO ka Polyethylene ka hui polymeric organic maʻalahi loa i ke ʻano a ʻo ia ka mea polymer i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka honua i kēia lā. Hoʻopili ʻia ia mai ka ethylene a ua māhele ʻia i ka polyethylene density kiʻekiʻe, ka polyethylene density waena a me ka polyethylene density haʻahaʻa e like me kona density. He palupalu ka polyethylene low-density, ʻoi aku ka polymerization kiʻekiʻe; Loaʻa i ka polyethylene density kiʻekiʻe nā ʻano o ka paʻakikī, ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika mechanical, ʻoi aku ka polymerization haʻahaʻa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka polyethylene density kiʻekiʻe no nā ipu, nā paipu, a me nā mea insulation uila alapine kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka radar a me ke kīwī. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka polyethylene density haʻahaʻa (kiʻekiʻe) i nā nui he nui. He waxy ka Polyethylene a he ʻano laumania e like me ka wax. Ke ʻole i hoʻoluʻu ʻia, he moakāka ka polyethylene low-density, ʻoiai he opaque ka polyethylene high-density, a ʻo ka polyethylene he kaulahao polymeric kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia me nā -CH2-units i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻohui a me ka polymerization o ethylene (CH2=CH2). Pili nā waiwai o ka polyethylene i ke ʻano o ka polymerized ʻana; Hana ʻia ka polyethylene density kiʻekiʻe (HDPE) e ka polymerisation Ziegler-Natta ma lalo o ke kaomi waena (15-30 atm) nā kūlana catalytic o nā hui organik. ʻO nā mole polyethylene polymerised ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana he linear a he mau kaulahao molekala lōʻihi me nā kaumaha molekala o kekahi mau haneli tausani. I ke ʻano o ka polymerisation radical manuahi ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe (100-300 MPa), ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana (190-210 C) a me ka peroxide catalysis, ʻo ka hopena he polyethylene density haʻahaʻa (LDPE), kahi i lālā ʻia.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Polyethylene i ka wai a he liʻiliʻi loa ka omo ʻana o ka wai, ʻoiai no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika e like me ka toluene a me ka acetic acid, he mea hoʻoheheʻe iki wale nō ia i nā mahana ma luna o 70°C. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka polyethylene ma ke ʻano particulate ke hoʻoheheʻe a paʻa paha i nā mahana mai 15°C a 40°C. Ke piʻi ka mahana, hoʻoheheʻe ia a omo i ka wela; ke emi ka mahana, paʻa ia a hāʻawi i ka wela. He mea hana hale maikaʻi loa nō hoʻi ia no ka mea he liʻiliʻi loa ka wai e omo ai, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻomaʻū ʻia a he mau waiwai insulating.

PB
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Polybutylene i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1970 a ʻo kona mau ʻano mea e koi ai i nā koi loea a me nā lako kiʻekiʻe no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, me nā hoʻopukapuka kālā nui i nā waiwai paʻa.

PVDF
He pauka translucent a keʻokeʻo paha ke ʻano a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻāpana, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ke kaulahao molekala, akā he pilina hydrogen ikaika hoʻi, ʻo ka helu kuhikuhi oxygen he 46%, ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia, crystallinity 65% ​​~ 78%, density o 1.17 ~ 1.79g/cm3, kiko heheʻe o 172 ℃, mahana deflection wela 112 ~ 145 ℃, a ʻo ka mahana hoʻohana lōʻihi he -40 ~ 150 ℃.
ʻO ka PVDF resin e pili nui ana i ka vinylidene fluoride homopolymer a i ʻole vinylidene fluoride a me kahi liʻiliʻi o nā fluorine vinyl monomer copolymer ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i ka PVDF resin nā ʻano resin fluorine a me nā ʻano resin maʻamau. Ma waho aʻe o ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa oxidation, ke kūpaʻa o ka wā, ke kūpaʻa radiation. Loaʻa pū kekahi piezoelectricity, dielectricity, thermoelectricity a me nā waiwai kūikawā ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopili nui ʻia nā noi PVDF i nā ʻano petrochemical, uila a me nā uila. ʻO kona kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, nā waiwai insulation uila, no laila e hoʻokō ai i nā koi TOCS a me ka flame retardant i ka hana ʻana o nā lako hana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana semiconductor no ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā kemika maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka PVDF resin i hana ʻia me ka membrane porous, gel, diaphragm, a pēlā aku. I nā noi pākahi lithium lua, ua lilo ka hoʻohana ʻana o PVDF i kēia manawa i kekahi o nā koi mākeke ulu wikiwiki loa. ʻO PVDF kekahi o nā mea maka koʻikoʻi loa. ʻO PVDF kekahi o nā mea maka koʻikoʻi loa, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā uhi fluorocarbon i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai ia mea a hiki i ka hanauna ʻeono. Ma muli o ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa o ka resin PVDF i ka wā, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma waho no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano uhi i nā kikowaena mana, nā kahua mokulele, nā alaloa, nā hale kiʻekiʻe, a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohuihui ʻia ka resin PVDF me nā resins ʻē aʻe, e like me ka PVDF a me ka resin ABS i hui pū ʻia e loaʻa nā mea i hui pū ʻia, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hoʻonaninani kaʻa, ka pūpū mīkini home, a pēlā aku.
ʻO PVC kahi ʻano mea hoʻonaninani plastik, ʻo PVC ka pōkole o ka polyvinyl chloride material, ʻo ia ka mea maka nui o ka polyvinyl chloride resin, a hoʻohui i ka nui kūpono o ka mea anti-aging agent, modifier, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma o ka hui ʻana, calendering, vacuum blister a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe e hana i ka mea.

He māmā nā mea PVC, pale wela, mālama wela, pale i ka makū, pale lapalapa a maʻalahi hoʻi e kūkulu. Nā kikoʻī, nā kala a me nā ʻano hoʻohālike.
ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻonaninani i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma waena o nā mea plastik.

ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi nui o nā mea hoʻopaʻa PVC penei:
1. ʻano māmā, pale wela, mālama wela, pale makū, pale lapalapa, pale waikawa a me ka alkali, pale ʻino.
2. Ke kūpaʻa, ka dielectricity maikaʻi, ka lōʻihi, ka anti-kahiko, maʻalahi e hoʻopili a hoʻopaʻa.
3. Ka ikaika kūlou ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka hopena, ka elongation kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e haki ai.
4. Maʻalahi e hana a hoʻoponopono ma o ke kāwili ʻana, ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka ʻoki ʻana, ka extruding a i ʻole ke kaʻina hana make-casting, a hiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono o nā kikoʻī like ʻole.
5. ʻIli laumania, waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinolino, hoʻonaninani, nā hoʻohana hoʻonaninani ākea.
6. He maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana kūkulu a he kūpono ke kau ʻana.

Hana ʻia ka paipu PE i ka mea polyethylene, kūpono ka paipu PE no ka hoʻokomo huna ʻia, maʻalahi ka mea hoʻokomo hāmama e ʻelemakule.

Loaʻa i ka paipu PP-R nā pono o ke kaumaha māmā, ka ikaika maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa i ka pala, ʻaʻohe unahi, ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me nā hiʻohiʻona nui e hiki mai ana:
(1) ʻAʻohe ʻawahia, maʻemaʻe, nā mea kūkulu hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻo nā mea maka PP-R he polyolefin, ua haku ʻia kona mau molekala me ke kalapona, nā mea hydrogen, ʻaʻohe ʻawahia, hana olakino maikaʻi loa;
(2) nā huahana pale wela, mālama wela, mālama ikehu, ʻo ka mahana palupalu o ka paipu PP-R Vicat he 131.3 ℃, ʻo ka mahana hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe loa he 95 ℃, a hiki i ka mahana hoʻohana lōʻihi (50 mau makahiki) a hiki i ka 70 ℃. ʻO ka conductivity thermal o ka huahana he 0.24W/m℃, ʻo ia wale nō 1/200 o ka conductivity thermal o ka paipu kila, no laila he hopena mālama ikehu maikaʻi loa no ka insulation paipu wai wela;
(3) Maʻalahi e hoʻouka, hilinaʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilina homogeneous fusion wela, kekona wale nō e hoʻopau ai i kahi pilina hui, a me ka pilina paipu metala a me ka mīkini wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻokomo metala kiʻekiʻe, palekana a hilinaʻi hoʻi.

Nā wahi noi no nā paipu wai wela a me ke anu PP-R
Nā ʻōnaehana wai wela a me ke anu i loko o nā hale, me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana waena;
Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana i loko o nā hale, me ka papahele, ka pā paia a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana radiant;
Nā ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia no ka inu ʻana;
Nā ʻōnaehana ea hoʻoluʻu kikowaena (kikowaena);
Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoinu wai mahiʻai, māla;
Nā pūnaewele wai ua;
Nā pūnaewele loko ʻauʻau;
Nā pūnaewele paipu no nā hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka lā;

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka PPR no nā anawaena paipu liʻiliʻi, a loaʻa ka PPR no nā hoʻonohonoho hāmama a me nā mea i hūnā ʻia.
ʻO ka paipu PB kahi mea polymer polybutylene, i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻāina i hoʻomohala ʻia e like me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, a ua pani ʻia ke keleawe ma ke ʻano he mea makemake ʻia no nā paipu hoʻolako wai wela.

ʻO ka mea nui o ka paipu PEX ʻo HDPE, a me ka mea hoʻomaka, ka mea hoʻopili keʻa, ka mea hoʻoulu a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe, e like me nā koi kūikawā hiki ke hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻololi ʻē aʻe.
Hana ʻia nā paipu PEX me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua (ʻano MONSOIL), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka polyethylene maʻamau e hoʻohui i nā mea grafting silane, e hana ana i nā pilina covalent kemika ma waena o nā kaulahao polymer macromolecular e pani i nā mana van der Waals mua, a pēlā e hana ai i kahi ʻano pūnaewele cross-linked ʻekolu-dimensional o ka polyethylene cross-linked, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cross-linking a hiki i ka 60% ~ 89%, no laila he mau waiwai kino a me nā kemika maikaʻi loa.

ʻO ABS kahi terpolymer e pili ana i ka styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile, me ka paʻakikī hopena kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika mechanical maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa wela, ke kūpaʻa aila, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu PVC no ke kau ʻana o nā uea uila ma ka home, a pono e like me ke paipu PVC maʻamau, aia kekahi mau kau hou ʻana o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paipu PVC, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka PPR i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i nā laina wai, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o ka PPR no ka wai.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa nā mea maka, ʻo ka ppr he random copolymer polypropylene, ʻo ka pvc he polyvinyl chloride. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pvc no ka hoʻokahe wai, ʻo ka ppr no ka wai nui (hoʻohana ʻia no ka mea he kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻokahe wai). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole like ka pvc me ka ʻawahia e like me nā paipu hoʻokomo lāʻau lapaʻau a he nui nā ʻōpala plastik he pvc, hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana i hoʻohui wale ʻia nā mea hoʻololi, a hiki i ka ppr ke hoʻoheheʻe wela ʻaʻole hiki i ka pvc.
Hana ʻia ka PPR mai ka mea polypropylene copolymer, hana ʻia ka PVC mai ka mea polyvinyl chloride, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai hana ma mua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke olakino ma mua o ka PVC, a hiki ke hele i lalo o 75 ℃ wai wela, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka deformation. Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai hana haʻahaʻa o ka PVC, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka irrigation mahiʻai, a ʻo ka hemahema wale nō ka hele anuanu.

Paipu PE
Kūleʻa ka mahana
He haʻahaʻa loa ka mahana o ka embrittlement o ka paipu wai PE, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ka pae mai -40 ℃ a i 60 ℃, ʻaʻole e hiki mai ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻoilo i ka haki brittle o ka paipu.
Corrosion e kū'ē'ē mai
He mea inert ka Polyethylene, kū i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole, ʻaʻohe pale pale anti-corrosion, ʻaʻole e hoʻoulu nā kemika i loko o ka lepo i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka pipeline, ʻaʻole e pala, popo a me nā hanana corrosion.
kohoʻia
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka paipu wai PE i ka haki ʻana ma mua o 800%, ʻaʻole e hoʻoulu ka haʻalulu kūloko i nā haʻalulu paipu āpau, kūʻē ikaika i ka haʻalulu. ʻO ke ʻano wili o ka polyethylene e ʻae i nā paipu wai PE e wili ʻia, e hōʻemi ana i ka pono no ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui a ʻae i ke kūkulu ʻana e pale i nā pilikia, e hōʻemi ana i ka paʻakikī o ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ke kūʻē i ka hoʻoikaika
Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka crystallinity o HDPE, piʻi ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī. Inā hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia, hiki iā ia ke kū i ke kaomi kūloko a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hoʻolako wai a me nā paipu kaomi e ʻā ana.
Ke olakino
ʻO ka maʻemaʻe a me ka ʻawaʻawa ʻole, ʻaʻole hoʻoulu ka paipu i ka bacteria, ʻaʻole e hoʻohaumia i ka maikaʻi o ka wai, a hoʻoponopono piha i nā hemahema o ka haumia wai o ka paipu.
Kaha kaapuni
ʻO ka paipu wai PE e laumania ana ma ka paia o loko, he coefficient friction liʻiliʻi, he pale wai liʻiliʻi, he pohō poʻo liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻohe scaling, e hōʻemi ana i ka pohō kaomi o ka pipeline a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hoʻoili wai, a he maopopo nā pono waiwai.
Palekana paipu
Hoʻopili ʻia nā paipu wai PE e ka fusion wela a me ka uila, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka interface ma mua o ka ikaika o ka paipu ponoʻī, hiki ke kū pono i nā mana circumferential a me axial i hana ʻia e ke kaomi kūloko. Maikaʻi loa ka hana sila ʻaʻohe pono e hopohopo e pili ana i ka leakage ma muli o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka interface.